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Ion semiconductor sequencing
Ion semiconductor sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the detection of hydrogen ions that are released during the polymerization of DNA. This is a method of "sequencing by synthesis", during which a complementary strand is built based on the sequence of a template strand.
A microwell containing a template DNA strand to be sequenced is flooded with a single species of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP). If the introduced dNTP is complementary to the leading template nucleotide, it is incorporated into the growing complementary strand. This causes the release of a hydrogen ion that triggers an ISFET ion sensor, which indicates that a reaction has occurred. If homopolymer repeats are present in the template sequence, multiple dNTP molecules will be incorporated in a single cycle. This leads to a corresponding number of released hydrogens and a proportionally higher electronic signal.
This technology differs from other sequencing technologies in that no modified nucleotides or optics are used. Ion semiconductor sequencing may also be referred to as Ion Torrent sequencing, pH-mediated sequencing, silicon sequencing, or semiconductor sequencing.
==Technology development history==
The technology was licensed from DNA Electronics Ltd,〔Bio-IT World, Davies, K. (Powering Preventative Medicine ). Bio-IT World 2011〕〔GenomeWeb (DNA Electronics Licenses IP to Ion Torrent ). August 2010〕 developed by Ion Torrent Systems Inc. and was released in February 2010.〔Rusk, N. (2011). ("Torrents of sequence" ). Nat Meth 8(1): 44-44.〕 Ion Torrent have marketed their machine as a rapid, compact and economical sequencer that can be utilized in a large number of laboratories as a bench top machine.〔(Ion Torrent Official Webpage ).〕 Roche's 454 Life Sciences is partnering with DNA Electronics on the development of a long-read, high-density semiconductor sequencing platform using this technology.〔GenomeWeb (Roche Partners with DNA Electronics to Help Migrate 454 Platform to Electrochemical Detection ). November 2010〕
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